What is a programming language?

A programming language is a sequence of code instructions that the CPU processes to produce output for the user.

Programming languages can be categorized into different types:

  • Procedural language
  • Functional Programming language
  • Object-oriented programming language

Additionally, programming languages fall into two types:

High-level programming language Low-level languages, also known as machine or assembly languages

Difference between Procedural and Object-Oriented programming languages

Here is a comparison of both languages.

Procedure LanguageObject-Oriented Language
Contains ProcedureContains Methods
RecordsObjects
ModulesClasses

Difference between High-level and low-level programming languages

Machines and computers understand low-level language code only. So high-level languages need an interpreter or compiler to generate low-level machine-readable code.

Hight Level LanguageLow-Level Languages
Code written needs to compile to machine-readable code, because of compilation time, It takes some time to processLow-level code is understood by machines, and directly runs, so faster
Human readable codemachine readable code
It is very easy to write and modify codeIt is difficult to write code directly
Productivity is good as takes less time to write codeTime taken to write code is more
Code is easy to run on different devices and platforms with lesser modificationsCode only runs on specific computers or types, Needs code rewrite to run on another machine
Compilers and interpreter requiredNot required any middleman tools
Examples of languages are Java, Dart, Golang, etcAssembly is an example

Language Type checking

Type checking is a process of evaluating variable types at compile time or runtime. There are two types of type-checking:

  • Statically Type checking

Languages that allow you to perform type checking at compile time. Once a variable is declared and assigned a type, you cannot change that type. Types are associated with variables, not data.

For example, in Java, you declare a variable of type String.

String str="Welcome"; // allowed
str=20 // Not allowed to reassign the values
  • Dynamically type-checking

These languages perform type-checking at runtime. In this approach, a variable is declared and assigned a type, and you can dynamically change both the type and values. Types are associated with data, not variables.

For example, in JavaScript, you declare a variable without specifying a type, and its type can change dynamically during runtime.

var str="Welcome"; // allowed
str=20 // allowed

What is the difference between Statically Typed and Dynamically Typed programming language

Statically typed languagesDynamically typed languages
Type checking is done at compile timeType checking is done at Run time
Variables types must be declaredVariables types are not required but dynamic types
Reassign variable with different type value is not possibleAllows to reassign variable with different type data
Variables and expressions are evaluated at compile typeVariables and expressions are evaluated at runtime
Java,C,C++Javascript,Python,Ruby
Advantages are errors are caught at compile timeError-prone at runtime time
Good in terms of performanceLower performance
Compilation time is moreCompilation time is less

Static and Dynamic variable scopes

There are two types of scoping for variables in a programming language:

  • Lexical scoping or static scope

  • Dynamic scoping Various types of programming paradigms include:

  • Imperative Programming: In this programming style, a sequence of code is executed sequentially, and it returns the result.

  • Functional Programming: In functional programming, every feature is implemented as a function and assigned to variables to change state.

-Reactive Programming: This paradigm is based on asynchronous data streams of events. It pushes data when an event is listened to for subscription.

Programming languages offer different types of functions, such as:

  • Lambda or Arrow Functions
  • First Class Functions
  • High Order Functions
  • First Order Functions
  • Unary Functions
  • Currying Functions
  • Pure Functions
  • Impure Functions

First Class Functions in a programming language.

Functions are treated similarly to variables in many programming languages. Just like variables, functions can be assigned to variables, passed as arguments to other functions, and returned from functions. This flexibility is a key feature of many modern programming languages, allowing for powerful and dynamic code structures.

Programming language paradigm

There are many categories of language paradigms.

  • Imperative
  • Functional
  • Object Oriented
  • Declarative

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Julia - Functions

This is getting start page for Functions Learning Julia tutorials with examples.

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Julia - Functions

This is getting start page for Learning variable declaration and assigning rules for language tutorials for free with examples of "variable naming convention

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Julia - Hello World

Learn how to write and run the Hello World First program command line and REPL interactive session in Julia tutorials with examples.

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Julia - String

Learn String datatype in Julia with examples.

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Julia - Struct

This is getting start page for Learn Julia struct composite types tutorials with examples.

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Julia - try & catch

Learn How to handle exceptions in Julia languages, tutorials - try, catch, and finally, throw examples.

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Julia - while

While loop with break and continue Julia tutorials with examples.

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Julia - Windows

Learn Step by step guide on How to install and uninstall Julia on Windows OS.

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Julia - for loop

This tutorial shows How to Iterate a using for in loop Julia with index array and continue with an example

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Julia - if-else

This tutorial shows how to write if-elseif-else and if-else if conditional expressions with example in Julia

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Kotlin Language

Kotlin Programming language tutorial for beginner examples advantages and disadvantages.

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Kotlin - Functions

Beginner guide to learning functions with examples.

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Kotlin - List

Beginner guide to learning List with examples.

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Kotlin - Abstract Class

How to Write an Abstract class in Kotlin Programming language tutorial for beginner examples.

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Kotlin - Comments

How to Write comments in Kotlin Programming language tutorial for beginner examples.

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Kotlin - Datatypes

Primitive Datatypes in Kotlin Programming language tutorial for beginner examples.

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Kotlin - Enum

How to Write an Enum class type in Kotlin Programming language tutorial for beginner examples.

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Kotlin - Exceptions

Learn How to handle exceptions tutorials using try catch finally throw Java and Kotlin Programming language tutorial beginner examples.

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Kotlin - For Loops

How to iterate for loop for Array, String, List, Set, and range of values with index in Kotlin Programming language tutorial beginner examples.

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Kotlin - Hello World

Beginner guide to learn Hello World Kotlin First example program. compile and run the from the command line. install, compile, and run it.

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Kotlin - String type

Learn the ins and outs of string types in Kotlin, how to declare and assign values, examples of immutability, syntax raw strings using triple quotes.

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Kotlin - Ternary

How to Write a Ternary Conditional Operator in Kotlin Programming language tutorial for beginner examples.

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Kotlin - Variables

How to declare a variable and constants, multiple & type of a variable with full package name in Java and Kotlin language tutorial beginner examples.

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Kotlin - While Loops

How to use while, do while loop in Kotlin Programming language tutorial for beginner examples.

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Matlab - Tutorial

Matlab Programming language tutorial for beginner examples.

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Matlab - Comments

This tutorial covers Matlab comments Single multi-line comments API documentation comments block comments with example

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Matlab - Variable type

This tutorial covers How to find the type of a variable in Matlab example

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Nim - Tutorials

This is getting start page for learning Nim tutorials with examples.

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Nim - Arrays

Nim Array declare, assign access loop array elements, length low and high procs multi dimensional examples.

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Nim - by example

Nim examples - Convert Int, float string types

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Nim - Case

Nim tutorials - Switch case statement with examples.

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Nim - Datatypes

Nim Datatypes Integers, Floats, Char, String, and Boolean data type examples.

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Nim - Enumerations

Nim Enumerations ordinal types Examples.

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Nim - exception

Nim Exception handling - try, except, finally and raise examples throws and handle exceptions custom exception.

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Nim - Files

Nim Files - read the entire file line by line and write a string into a file with an example

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Nim - Hello World

Nim Hello World First program code for beginner examples How to run the nim program using the command line nim playground and IDE such as VSCode..

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Nim - If else

Nim tutorials - If else elif conditional statements with examples.

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Nim - Installation

Step-by-step guide on how to install nim programming language on Windows, MacOS, Linux, and Unix.

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Nim - Loops

Nim tutorials - while and for loop usage syntax and continue to break keywords with examples.

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Nim - Modules

Step-by-step guide on how to create and use Nim Inbuilt and custom modules for reusable with examples.

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Nim - objects

Nim Objects create, declare, and assign values, inheritance Examples

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Nim - Operators

This is the getting start page for learning Nim tutorials Relational, Logical, and arithmetic Operation examples.

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Nim - procedure

Nim procedure declares multiple variable arguments, return sequence, and array Examples.

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Nim - Sequence

Nim Sequence declare, assign access loop Sequence elements, length low and high add, delete, insert multi-dimensional procs examples.

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Nim - Set

Nim Set declare, assign access loop set elements, length mathematical set operation procs examples.

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Nim - String char

This is getting start page for learning Nim tutorials with examples on String and character variables.

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Nim - Tables

Nim Tables declare, assign values, access loop Sequence elements, length add, delete, iteration key, and value pairs examples.

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Nim - Tuples

Nim Tuples declare syntax with access elements Examples.

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Nim - Variable

variable types in Nim language let, var, const, and the differences.

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Nim- JSON

Step-by-step guide on how to Convert JSOn string into NIM object and JSON node examples, declare JSOn string using triple enclosed syntax

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Nim - Comments

This tutorial covers nim comments Single multi-line comments API documentation comments block comments with example

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Nim-Type Inference

Nim tutorials - Type Inference with examples.

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OCaml - Tutorials

This is getting start page for learning OCaml tutorials with examples.

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OCaml - Arrays

OCaml Arrays Tutorial program example | How to compile and execute a program command line.

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OCaml - Comments

OCaml Comment examples for single, multi-line, and documentation comments code

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OCaml - Datatypes

OCaml Inbuilt data type examples and tutorials for Integers, float char, strings, boolean, and uint.

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OCaml - Hello World

OCaml Hello world first program example | How to compile and execute a program command line.

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OCaml - If else

learning OCaml Conditional Control if else statements tutorials with examples.

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OCaml - Linux

Step-by-step guide to install and uninstall Objective Caml in Linux OS.

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OCaml - Loops

OCaml for and while loop tutorials with examples.

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OCaml - Mac

Step-by-step guide to install and uninstall Objective Caml in Mac OS.

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OCaml - Ubuntu

Step-by-step guide to install and uninstall Objective Caml in Ubuntu OS.

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Lisp - tutorials

This tutorial covers free Lisp tutorial developers for example

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Lisp - Comments

This tutorial covers Lisp comments Single multi-line comments, and block comments with example

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Lisp - Hello World

This tutorial covers Basic simple Hello World program free Lisp tutorials developers for example

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